By Barbara Falconer Newhall
My daughter Christina, for example, discovered the art of rhetoric right around the time she was being weaned from baby bottle to plastic cup.
She’d follow me into the kitchen and say solemnly, “I want milk and I don’t want it in a cup.”
Her heartrending – but unspoken – plea was, “Please, Mommy, I want my bottle.”
I’d cave in, of course, and produce the desired bottle. How’d she do that?
Michael D.C. Drout, a professor of English at Wheaton College in Massachusetts, tells exactly what went down in that mother-daughter exchange in his Modern Scholar lecture series, “A Way with Words: Writing, Rhetoric, and the Art of Persuasion.”
This is not a book, btw. It’s one of those recorded college lecture series on CD. And it’s a terrific resource for writers — packed with ideas for creative as well as discursive writing.
Professor Drout defines rhetoric very simply as “the art of using words to change the social world.” In his lectures he talks about the trusty five-part essay of freshman English classes – and why it’s still something to pay attention to. He also outlines how to write a classic medieval sermon, in case you’re working on one of those.
But the handiest creative writing tip from I’ve gleaned in listening to Prof. Drout is the distinction rhetoricians make between locutionary statements, illocutionary statements and perlocutionary effect.
The locutionary statement is what is actually said. “We’ve run out of granola,” I might say to my husband Jon, who does the grocery shopping at our house.
The – unstated – illocutionary statement here is my wish that Jon buy some granola the next time he goes to the supermarket.
The perlocutionary effect is something quite different. If Jon does indeed restock our granola supply by the time I’m ready to pour myself another bowl, then my illocutionary statement has had the persuasive effect that I intended.
Being aware of these distinctions can help writers put some subtext into the dialogue they create. For example:
The mother says out loud, “You’re just like your father. He never wanted to take me to the neighborhood barbecue either.” (Locutionary statement.)
The mother really means (among other things), “I want to go to the neighborhood barbecue, and I want you to take me.” (Illocutionary statement.)
How the son responds to the illocutionary statement can say a lot about his character. Does he let his mother guilt him into taking her to the barbecue? (Which is what she seems to want.) Does he bristle at her whiney, manipulative ways and storm out of the room? (Which is maybe what she really wants.) Or does he perceive her illocutionary statement as a sad ploy and take her to the barbecue anyway? (Which may be what she truly desires in her heart of hearts.) (Perlocutionary act.)
An illocutionary statement can serve all sorts of writerly purposes. Showing a character as manipulative is one. Showing how a two-year-old human being can outwit a fully grown adult of the species is another.
You can read more about rhetoric in J.L. Austin’s book, How to Do Things with Words, Harvard University Press, 2005.
Or you can go straight to the first rhetorician: Aristotle and his The Art of Rhetoric, trans. J.H. Freese. Harvard University Press, 1926.
The Modern Scholar lecture series on CD are too pricey for my pocketbook – around $100 for Prof. Drout’s thoughts on rhetoric. I borrow the Modern Scholar lectures from my public library. These – usually well chosen – lecturers keep me company on long walks. A really good series, like this one, works off a lotta granola.
Have you caught any of your characters — or family members — making provocative illocutionary statements lately? You can share them by clicking on “Post a comment” below.
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